Glyph Standard.
Applied research for Answerable Computing.
Glyph Standard develops Bulla, its shipped system for Answerable Computing. ActionReceipt is Bulla's stable transaction format. Res Agentica is an independent foundational research program on machine institutions.
A party can implement the ActionReceipt format without Bulla, check it without this website, and store records without a Glyph Standard account.
ActionReceipt witnesses
Glyph Standard operates one composition-deed registry. It is not an ActionReceipt witness. The evidence record distinguishes that operator from the independent-history role specified by the witnessing research.
The witnessing instrument reports that current implementation and the evidence still missing for an external operation claim.
Limits of this evidence
An operated composition-deed log or project-controlled witness fixture is not independent ActionReceipt witness plurality; W is derived only from active repository qualifications under unique outside control domains.
Open format and local software
Bulla is licensed under Apache-2.0 outright, since version 0.42.0. There is no usage tier or commercial gate on the receipt format or local verifier. A counterparty can keep the file and checker under its own retention policy.
Limits of this evidence
An open format and license permit independent exit; they do not themselves create an independent implementation, witness, or operator.
Research discipline
Claims, generated facts, and evidence references are published separately. Corrections remain visible with the records they amend, and index pages derive program states from those governed sources.
Limits of this evidence
Formal verification applies to the stated mathematical object; empirical identification, conjecture, correction, and released-package capability remain separately labelled.
Name and lineage
A bulla was the sealed clay envelope of Mesopotamian commerce: tokens inside recorded a transaction, impressions outside declared it, and any counterparty could break the seal and recount. The object predates writing.
Bulla uses a retained file for autonomous action. It contains the transaction fields needed for later inspection after the agent or runtime becomes unavailable.
The Sa-Ra mark is adapted from the CC BY-SA 4.0 vector by Medium69, with requested credit to William Crochot. See the asset notice.
- 01SURFACE ACCOUNT · WEDGE IMPRESSIONS
- 02SEAL IMPRESSION · ATTRIBUTABLE PARTY
- 03SEALED COUNTERS · INTERIOR
Magnified impressions · reconstruction
attested numerals · N14 = ten · N01 = onecalibrated scale · 2 cm
- action
- payments.charge
- principal · policy
- did:key:zSpecVector · policy://payments@sha256:aa
- scope
- payments.charge amount<=100000
- evidence grounding
- self_asserted
- content
- sha256:781d0999c89…f92413
- recompute the verdict
- event
- sha256:8528c4226d1…304fc9
- which occurrence
- attestation
- sha256:4393cdcadb6…c90b37
- who vouched
- log_leaf
- sha256:2dac1d94c26…66ea30
- where logged
Functional correspondence
The record outlives the actor. It always has.
Historical note
Early Mesopotamian writing was predominantly administrative and included receipts, bills, transfers, and inventories. Clay counters and bullae belong to the preceding account-keeping sequence. This specimen combines documented features into a conceptual reconstruction; it is not a translation of one excavated object or a claim of direct technological lineage. Sources: The Metropolitan Museum of Art and Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative.
Limits of this evidence
Conceptual reconstruction · functional continuity, not literal equivalence.